Open habitats, such as grasslands, meadows, and savannas (GMS) have been declining in
Pennsylvania since the beginning of the 20th century (Latham and Thorne 2007). As a result,
many species associated with such habitats have been declining as well (Askins 2001, Latham
and Thorne 2007, Steele et al. 2010). Some species associated with early successional
vegetation, such as the loggerhead shrike and northern bobwhite, have been extirpated or
reduced to remnant populations (Sauer et al. 2011). The causes of the decline include
abandonment of farms and pasturelands, regrowth of forests, as well as urbanization and the
generally perceived lower economic value of grasslands (Stratford and Robinson 2005, Steele et
al. 2010).